USE Russian language. Argument Bank

Enemy bombers hovered over the Volga day and night. They chased not only tugs, self-propelled guns, but also fishing boats, small rafts - sometimes the wounded were transported to them.

The writing

In difficult times of war, when hunger and death become constant companions, not everyone is able to retain the ability to sacrifice himself for the good of the Motherland. In this text, V.M. Bogomolov invites us to think about the problem of heroism.

Turning to this problem, the author cites as an example the story of a “heroic voyage”, which during the Great Patriotic War was able to deliver ammunition to the other side through shelling and explosions. The writer focuses on the inconspicuousness of the "steamboat" carrying a barge with boxes, and on the unimpressiveness of the crew itself, consisting of three people. However, this was only a first impression. Later V.M. Bogomolov points out to us the invincibility of the “old Volgar”, who was not at all afraid of the shelling, and the self-sacrifice of Irina and the soldiers who, through smoke, fire and the risk of flying into the air at any moment, saved the boxes from fire. The author brings us to the idea of the incredible fortitude of the entire crew, ready to sacrifice their lives for the sake of saving ammunition and the further victory of their Fatherland in the war.

The author believes that heroism is a sense of duty to one's people and one's Fatherland. Selflessly defending the Motherland during the war, the fighters are driven precisely by heroism, by an urgent need to help their homeland by any means.

I fully agree with the opinion of the Soviet writer and also believe that a sense of patriotism, a sense of duty to the fatherland can make a person, in spite of any difficulties, perform heroic deeds.

We can observe the manifestation of true heroism in the story of Boris Polevoy "The Tale of a Real Man". This work is based on real facts from the biography of fighter pilot Alexei Maresyev, who, having been shot down in battle over the occupied territory, with injured feet, but not with a broken spirit, made his way through the forest for a long time and ends up with the partisans. And later, having lost both legs, the hero, driven by the desire to do as much as possible for his country, again sits at the helm and replenishes the treasury of air victories of the Soviet Union.

The problem of heroism and courage is also revealed in the story of M.A. Sholokhov "The Fate of Man". The main character, Andrey Sokolov, who lost his entire family, was still able to repay his debt to his homeland with his last strength. He was a military driver to the last, and when he was captured, he was not embarrassed for a moment in front of Miller, was not afraid of death and showed him the full power of the Russian character. Later, Sokolov escaped from captivity and, even being terribly exhausted and tormented, was still full of readiness to sacrifice himself for the sake of victory.

Thus, we can conclude that in the all-consuming, all-destroying conditions of war, the simplest person, endowed only with a deep feeling of love for the Motherland and a sincere desire to help, can show himself to be a true hero.

The school year has come to an end. It's time for exams for 11th grade students. As you know, in order to get a school certificate, you must pass two main exams: in mathematics and the Russian language. But also a few more items to choose from.

The nuances of essays in the Russian language on the exam

To get the maximum points for passing, you need to correctly write an essay, that is, the third part. In part "C" there are many topics for essays. The organizers of the exam offer written papers about friendship, love, childhood, motherhood, science, duty, honor, and so on. One of the most difficult topics is the problem of courage and resilience. You will find arguments for it in our article. But that's not all. Your attention is also offered a plan according to which you need to write an essay on the exam in Russian in grade 11.

Many authors wrote about the war. Only, unfortunately, these works, like many others, do not linger in the memory of children. We propose to recall the most striking works in which you can find examples of courage and feat.

The plan of the final essay on the exam in the Russian language

Checking teachers give a large number of points for an essay that has the correct composition. If you use our Courage Writing Plan, teachers will appreciate your work. But do not forget about literacy.

Remember that an essay in the Russian language on the unified state exam is significantly different from written works in social studies, history and literature. It must be compositionally correct.

And we are moving on to a plan for a future essay on the problem of courage and steadfastness. The arguments will be given below.

1. Introduction. Why do you think it is needed? The thing is that the graduate needs to bring the inspector to the main problem that is considered in the text. As a rule, this is a small paragraph, consisting of 3-5 sentences on the topic.

2. Statement of the problem. In this part, the graduate writes that he identified the problem. Attention! When you indicate it, think carefully and find the arguments in the text (there are about 3 of them in the fragment).

3. Commentary of the graduate. In this paragraph, the student explains to the reader the problem of the read text, and also characterizes it. The volume of this paragraph is no more than 7 sentences.

5. Own point of view. At this point, the student must write whether he agrees with the author of the text or not. In any case, you need to justify your answer, in our case, on the issue of courage and perseverance. The arguments are given in the next paragraph.

6. Evidence from works of art or arguments from life. Most teachers insist that graduates give 2-3 arguments from works of fiction.

7. Conclusion. As a rule, it consists of 3 sentences. At this point, the task of the graduate is to conclude everything that has been said above, that is, to sum up a certain result. The conclusion will sound more effective if you complete the essay with a rhetorical question.

Many examinees note that the point of argumentation is the most difficult for them to give. Therefore, we have selected for you examples of courage in literature.

Mikhail Sholokhov. The story "The fate of man"

You can also show resilience in captivity. Soviet soldier Andrei Sokolov is captured. He then ends up in a death camp. One evening, the camp commandant calls him and invites him to raise a glass of vodka for the victory of fascist weapons. Sokolov refuses to do so. Among them was a drunk Muller. He offers the prisoner to drink for his own death.

Andrei agreed, took a glass and immediately drank it, without having a bite. Taking a deep breath, he said, "Paint me." The company of drunken German officers appreciated the courage and steadfastness. Argument number 1 for your essay is ready. It should be noted that this story ended successfully for the captured soldier Sokolov.

Lev Tolstoy. Epic novel "War and Peace"

The problem of courage was considered not only in the literature of the second half of the twentieth century, but also a century earlier. When we read this novel at literature lessons, we involuntarily became witnesses of the courage and stamina of the Russian people. Leo Tolstoy wrote that during the battle the command did not tell the soldiers what to do. Everything went by itself. Wounded soldiers were taken to medical aid stations, the bodies of the dead were carried behind the front line, and the ranks of the fighters closed again.

We see that people did not want to say goodbye to life. But they overcame fear, kept fighting spirit under flying bullets. This is where courage and perseverance are shown. Argument #2 is ready.

Boris Vasiliev. The story "The Dawns Here Are Quiet"

We continue to consider the arguments for the essay. This time, a lesson of courage will be demonstrated to readers by a brave girl during the Great Patriotic War. In this story, Boris Vasilyev writes about a detachment of girls who died, but still managed to win, because they did not let a single enemy warrior into their native land. This victory took place because they wholeheartedly and sincerely loved their Motherland.

Komelkova Evgenia is the heroine of the story. A young, strong and courageous girl from the fighters of the story. Comic and dramatic episodes are associated with her name. In her character, traits of benevolence and optimism, cheerfulness and confidence are manifested. But the most important feature is hatred of the enemy. It is she who attracts the attention of readers, arouses their admiration. Only Zhenya had the courage to call upon himself enemy fire in order to avert a deadly threat from the wounded Rita and Fedot. Not everyone can forget such a lesson in courage.

Boris Polevoy. "A Tale of a Real Man"

We present to your attention another vivid work that tells about the Great Patriotic War, the heroism and firmness of the character of the Soviet pilot Maresyev.

In general, in the arsenal of Boris Polevoy there are many works where the author considers the problem of courage and steadfastness.

Arguments for writing:

In this story, the author writes about the Soviet pilot Maresyev. It so happened that he survived after a plane crash, but was left without legs. This did not prevent him from returning to life. The man put on prosthetic legs. Maresyev again returned to the cause of his life - to flying.

We have considered the problem of courage and perseverance. We have presented the arguments. Good luck on your exam!

In this article, you are offered the problems found in the texts for preparing for the Unified State Examination in the Russian language, and literary arguments for them. All of them are available for download in table format, link at the end of the page.

Genuine and false heroism is revealed before us on the pages novel by L.N. Tolstoy "War and Peace". The people carry a true love for the Motherland, they protect it with their breasts, they die for it in the war, without receiving orders and ranks. A completely different picture in high society, which only pretends to be patriotic, if it is fashionable. So, Prince Vasily Kuragin went both to the salon glorifying Napoleon and to the salon opposing the emperor. Also, nobles willingly begin to love and glorify the fatherland when it brings benefits. So, Boris Drubetskoy uses the war to advance his career. It was thanks to the people with their true patriotism that Russia freed itself from the French invaders. But its false manifestations nearly ruined the country. As you know, the Russian emperor did not spare the troops and did not want to delay the decisive battle. The situation was saved by Kutuzov, who with the help of delay exhausted the French army and saved thousands of lives of ordinary people.
Heroism is manifested not only in war. Sonya Marmeladova, Mr. the heroine of the novel by F.M. Dostoevsky "Crime and Punishment", had to become a prostitute to help the family not die of hunger. The believing girl transgressed the commandments and went to sin for the sake of her stepmother and her children. Without her and her dedication, they would not have survived. On the other hand, Luzhin, shouting at every corner about his virtue and generosity, and exposing his undertakings as heroic (especially his marriage to the dowry Duna Raskolnikova), turns out to be a pitiful egoist who is ready to go over his head for the sake of his goals. The difference is that Sonya's heroism saves people, while Luzhin's falsehood destroys them.

Heroism in war

A hero is not a person without fear, it is someone who can overcome fear and go into battle for the sake of their goals and beliefs. Such a hero is described in the story of M.A. Sholokhov "The Fate of Man" in the image of Andrei Sokolov. This is a completely ordinary person who lived like everyone else. But when thunder struck, he became a real hero: he was carrying shells under fire, because it was impossible otherwise, because his own people were in danger; endured captivity and a concentration camp without betraying anyone; endured the death of his loved ones, having been reborn for the sake of the fate of the orphan Vanka he had chosen. Andrey's heroism lies in the fact that he made the salvation of the country the main task of his life and fought to the end for this.
Sotnikov, hero story of the same name by V. Bykov, at the beginning of the work it seems not at all heroic. Moreover, it was he who became the reason for his captivity, and Rybak suffered along with him. However, Sotnikov is trying to atone for his guilt, to take everything upon himself, to save a woman and an old man who accidentally fell under investigation. But the brave partisan Rybak is a coward and tries only to save his own skin, denouncing everyone. The traitor survives, but is forever covered in the blood of innocent sufferers. And in the clumsy and unfortunate Sotnikov, a real hero is revealed, worthy of respect and inextinguishable historical memory. Thus, in war, heroism is especially important, because other lives depend on its manifestation.

The Purpose of Heroism

Rita Osyanina, heroine B. Vasiliev's story "The Dawns Here Are Quiet", lost her beloved husband in the first days of the war, left with her little son. But the young woman could not stay away from the general grief, went to the front, hoping to avenge her husband and protect tens of thousands of children from the enemy. The real heroism was to go to an unequal battle with the Nazis. Rita, her friend from the department, Zhenya Komelkova, and their boss, foreman Vaskov, opposed the Nazi detachment and prepared for a mortal battle, and the girls really died. But it is impossible otherwise, behind not just a junction, behind the back is the Motherland. Thus, they sacrificed themselves, saving the fatherland.
Ivan Kuzmich Mironov, the hero of the story A.S. Pushkin "The Captain's Daughter", showed heroic qualities in the defense of the Belogorodskaya fortress. He remains steadfast and does not hesitate, he is supported by a debt of honor, a military oath. When the rebels captured the commandant, Ivan Kuzmich remained true to his oath and did not recognize Pugachev, although this threatened with death. Military duty forced Mironov to take on a feat, despite the fact that he had to pay for it with his life. He sacrificed himself to stay true to his beliefs.

moral feat

It is extremely difficult to remain human when you have gone through blood and bullets. Andrey Sokolov, hero story "The fate of man" M.A. Sholokhov, not only fought, but also was captured, in a concentration camp, fled, and then lost his whole family. It was the family that was the guiding star for the hero, having lost it, he waved his hand at himself. However, after the war, Sokolov met the orphan boy Vanka, whose fate the war also crippled, and the hero did not pass by, did not allow the state or other people to take care of the orphan, Andrei became a father for Vanka, giving himself and him a chance to find a new meaning in life. The fact that he opened his heart to this boy is a moral feat, which was given to him no easier than courage in battle or endurance in the camp.
In the course of hostilities, it is sometimes forgotten that the enemy is also a person and, most likely, was sent by war to your homeland by necessity. But it is even more terrible when the war is civil, when a brother, a friend, or a fellow villager can turn out to be an enemy. Grigory Melekhov, hero novel by M.A. Sholokhov "Quiet Flows the Don", in the new conditions of confrontation between the power of the Bolsheviks and the power of the Cossack chieftains, constantly fluctuated. Justice called him to the side of the first, and he fought for the Reds. But in one battle, the hero saw the inhuman execution of captured, unarmed people. This senseless cruelty turned the hero away from his past views. Finally entangled between the parties, he surrenders to the winner, just to see the children. He realized that the family for him is more important than his own life, more important than principles and views, for the sake of it it is worth taking risks, giving up so that the children at least see their father, who always disappeared in battles.

Heroism in love

The manifestation of heroism is possible not only on the battlefield, sometimes no less is required in ordinary life. Zheltkov, hero story by A.I. Kuprin "Garnet bracelet", accomplished a real feat of love, laying his life on her altar. Only once seeing Vera, he lived only for her. When the husband and brother of his beloved forbade Zheltkov even to write to her, he could not live and committed suicide. But he even accepted death with the words to Vera: "Let your name shine." He did this act in order for his beloved to find peace. This is a real feat for the sake of love.
Mother's heroism reflected in the story L. Ulitskaya "Daughter of Bukhara". Alya, the main character, gave birth to a daughter, Milochka, with Down syndrome. The woman devoted her whole life to raising her daughter with a rare diagnosis then. Her husband left her, she had to not only take care of her daughter, but also work as a nurse. And later, the mother fell ill, was not treated, but arranged Milochka better: work in a workshop for gluing envelopes, marriage, education in a special school. Having done everything she could, Alya left to die. The heroism of the mother is everyday, imperceptible, but no less important.

Self-sacrifice is not always associated with a risk to life.
To commit heroic deeds of a person is motivated by love for the Motherland.
A person is ready to sacrifice himself for the one he really loves.
To save a child, it is sometimes not a pity to sacrifice the most valuable thing that a person has - his own life.
Only a moral person is capable of committing a heroic deed
Readiness for self-sacrifice does not depend on the level of income and social status
Heroism is expressed not only in deeds, but also in the ability to be true to one's word even in the most difficult life situations.
People are ready for self-sacrifice even in the name of saving a stranger

Arguments

L.N. Tolstoy "War and Peace". Sometimes we do not suspect that this or that person can commit a heroic deed. This is confirmed by an example from this work: Pierre Bezukhov, being a rich man, decides to stay in Moscow besieged by the enemy, although he has every opportunity to leave. He is a real person who does not put his financial situation in the first place. Not sparing himself, the hero saves a little girl from the fire, performing a heroic deed. You can also refer to the image of Captain Tushin. At first, he does not make a good impression on us: Tushin appears before the command without boots. But the battle proves that this man can be called a real hero: the battery under the command of Captain Tushin selflessly repels enemy attacks, having no cover, sparing no effort. And it doesn’t matter at all what impression these people make on us when we first meet them.

I.A. Bunin "Lapti". In an impenetrable blizzard, Nefed went to Novoselki, located six miles from home. He was prompted to do this by the requests of a sick child to bring red bast shoes. The hero decided that “it is necessary to mine”, because “the soul desires”. He wanted to buy bast shoes and paint them magenta. By nightfall, Nefed had not returned, and in the morning the peasants brought his dead body. In his bosom they found a vial of fuchsin and brand new bast shoes. Nefed was ready for self-sacrifice: knowing that he was putting himself in danger, he decided to act for the good of the child.

A.S. Pushkin "The Captain's Daughter" Love for Marya Mironova, the captain's daughter, more than once prompted Pyotr Grinev to endanger his life. He went to the Belogorsk fortress captured by Pugachev to snatch the girl from the hands of Shvabrin. Pyotr Grinev understood what he was doing: at any moment Pugachev's people could catch him, he could be killed by enemies. But nothing stopped the hero, he was ready to save Marya Ivanovna even at the cost of his own life. Readiness for self-sacrifice also manifested itself when Grinev was under investigation. He did not talk about Marya Mironova, whose love led him to Pugachev. The hero did not want to make the girl involved in the investigation, although this would allow him to justify himself. Pyotr Grinev, by his actions, showed that he was ready to endure anything for the happiness of a person dear to him.

F.M. Dostoevsky "Crime and Punishment". The fact that Sonya Marmeladova went on a “yellow ticket” is also a kind of self-sacrifice. The girl decided on this herself, consciously, in order to feed her family: her father, a drunkard, her stepmother and her little children. No matter how dirty her “profession” is, Sonya Marmeladova is worthy of respect. Throughout the work, she proved her spiritual beauty.

N.V. Gogol "Taras Bulba". If Andriy, the youngest son of Taras Bulba, turned out to be a traitor, then Ostap, the eldest son, showed himself as a strong personality, a real warrior. He did not betray his father and Motherland, he fought to the last. Ostap was executed in front of his father. But no matter how hard, painful and scary he was, during the execution he did not make a sound. Ostap is a true hero who gave his life for his Motherland.

V. Rasputin "French Lessons". Lydia Mikhailovna, an ordinary French teacher, was capable of self-sacrifice. When her student, the hero of the work, came to school beaten, and Tishkin said that he was playing for money, Lidia Mikhailovna was in no hurry to tell the director about this. She found out that the boy was playing because he did not have enough money for food. Lidia Mikhailovna began to study French with a student, which was not given to him, at home, and then offered to play “zamyashki” with her for money. The teacher knew that this should not be done, but the desire to help the child was more important to her. When the director found out about everything, Lidia Mikhailovna was fired. Her seemingly wrong act turned out to be noble. The teacher sacrificed her reputation to help the boy.

N.D. Teleshov "Home". Semka, so eager to return to his native land, met an unfamiliar grandfather along the way. They walked together. On the way, the boy fell ill. The unknown person took him to the city, although he knew that he was not allowed to appear there: the grandfather had escaped from hard labor for the third time. Grandpa was caught in the city. He understood the danger, but the child's life was more important to him. Grandfather sacrificed his quiet life for the sake of a future stranger.

A. Platonov "Sand teacher". From the village of Khoshutovo, located in the desert, Maria Naryshkina helped to make a real green oasis. She devoted herself to work. But the nomads passed - not a trace remained of the green spaces. Maria Nikiforovna left for the district with a report, where she was offered to transfer to work in Safuta in order to teach the culture of the sands to the nomads who were moving to settled life. She agreed, which showed her readiness for self-sacrifice. Maria Naryshkina decided to devote herself to a good cause, not thinking about her family or the future, but helping people in their difficult struggle with the sands.

M.A. Bulgakov "Master and Margarita". For the sake of the Master, Margarita was ready for anything. She made a deal with the devil, was the queen at the ball with Satan. And all in order to see the Master. True love forced the heroine to make self-sacrifice, to pass all the trials prepared for her by fate.

A.T. Tvardovsky "Vasily Terkin". The protagonist of the work is a simple Russian guy who honestly and selflessly fulfills his soldier's duty. His crossing the river was a real heroic deed. Vasily Terkin was not afraid of the cold: he knew that he needed to convey the lieutenant's request. What the hero has done seems impossible, unbelievable. This is a feat of a simple Russian soldier.

The problem of courage, heroism, self-sacrifice in war according to the text of V. M. Bogomolov

Many great poets and writers talked about duty in the war. Millions of people died defending their home. Yes, they died, but they are alive in our memory.

In his text, V.M. Bogomolov raises the issue of courage, heroism, self-sacrifice in war.

It turned out that the Nazis were nearby. The bombardment began. The mine hit the barge and started a fire. The fire was next to the ammunition. But no one even thought of running away. “The fire burned hands, faces. Stuffy. Happy. Breathing is difficult,” writes Bogomolov. The fighters extinguished the launch, and the ammunition did not catch fire.” All the longboats and boats of the Volga flotilla had so many such flights that they could not be counted. Heroic flights,” writes Bogomolov. Indeed, after all, every day lived in the war is already a feat. Sacrificing a lot, not sparing themselves, these people did everything to save their Motherland.

The position of the author is clear: war is the strangest thing that can happen on Earth. Preserving and creating a face is a huge feat, heroism. The future depends only on us. If we preserve and increase the “feat”, then we will preserve peace on Earth.

I remember the protagonist of the story of the same name by V. Bykov "Sotnikov" It so happened that he and Rybak were captured by the Nazis. Sotnikov sacrificed his life, but did not betray the Motherland, as Rybak did. Sotnikov even tried to save the lives of other people. He stepped towards his own death with a high sense of dignity and pride in his own country. Such an act is heroism and self-sacrifice.

And in B. Vasiliev's story “The Dawns Here Are Quiet”, the girls act heroically. To Captain Vaskov, a women's anti-aircraft battalion arrives. He goes on a mission with 5 girls. They learn that Nazi scouts are approaching to detain them, the girls had to die. Rita Osyanina, Liza Brichkina, Zhenya Komelkova, Sonya Gurvich and Galya Chetvertak died defending their Motherland. One drowned in a swamp, the others were shot dead. But, one way or another, they delayed the enemy. The girls have done a great job.

After analyzing this problem, I came to the conclusion that there is a place for heroism in war. After all, they are able to sacrifice themselves, to be courageous and strong. Such people are capable of much, and anyone who defends the honor and independence of their native land with arms in their hands can be called a hero. The writer admires the feat of Soviet soldiers. And at the same time, telling this story, he shows it as something taken for granted, a common thing in the war.