What is the war in the story of the fate of man. An essay on the theme of war in the fate of a person in the story the fate of a person, Sholokhov read for free
The Great Patriotic War passed through the fate of millions Soviet people, leaving a heavy memory of himself: pain, anger, suffering, fear. Many during the war years lost their dearest and closest people, many experienced severe hardships. Rethinking of military events, human actions occurs later. In literature, works of art appear, in which, through the prism of the author's perception, an assessment is given of what is happening in difficult times. war time.
Mikhail Sholokhov could not pass by the topic of concern to everyone and therefore wrote short story“The fate of man”, touching upon the issues heroic epic. In the center of the narrative are the wartime events that changed the life of Andrei Sokolov, the protagonist of the work. The writer does not describe military events in detail, this is not the task of the author. The purpose of the writer is to show the key episodes that influenced the formation of the hero's personality. major event in the life of Andrei Sokolov is a prisoner. It is in the hands of the Nazis, in the face of mortal danger, that various aspects of the character's character are manifested, it is here that the war appears to the reader without embellishment, exposing the essence of people: the vile, vile traitor Kryzhnev; a real doctor who “did his great work both in captivity and in the dark”; “such a thin, snub-nosed boy”, platoon commander. Andrei Sokolov had to endure inhuman torments in captivity, but the main thing is that he managed to maintain his honor and dignity. The climax of the story is the scene at the commandant Muller, where they brought the exhausted, hungry, tired hero, but even there he showed the enemy the strength of the Russian soldier. The act of Andrei Sokolov (he drank three glasses of vodka without snacks: he didn’t want to choke on a sop) surprised Muller: “Here’s what, Sokolov, you are a real Russian soldier. You are a brave soldier." The war appears before the reader without embellishment: after escaping from captivity, already in the hospital, the hero receives terrible news from home about the death of his family: his wife and two daughters. The heavy war machine spares no one: neither women nor children. The last blow of fate is the death of the eldest son Anatoly on the ninth of May on Victory Day at the hands of a German sniper.
War robs people of the most precious thing: family, loved ones. In parallel with the life of Andrei Sokolov, the story line little boy Vanyusha, whom the war also made an orphan, depriving his relatives of his mother and father.
This is what the writer gives to his two heroes: “Two orphaned people, two grains of sand, thrown into foreign lands by a military hurricane of unprecedented strength…”. War dooms people to suffering, but it also brings up will, character, when you want to believe “that this Russian man, a man of unbending will, will survive, and one will grow up near his father’s shoulder, who, having matured, will be able to endure everything, overcome everything on his way if his homeland calls for it.”
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Every noble person is deeply aware of his blood ties with the fatherland.
V. G. Belinsky
The name of M. A. Sholokhov is known all over the world. He wrote about the tragic fates of people who fell into the maelstrom of the 20th century, fraught with tragedy: the writer focuses on the image of the difficult and terrible events of the revolution, civil war, collectivization. Sholokhov did not ignore the period of the Great Patriotic War, when humanity was once again placed in the face of a gigantic catastrophe.
The writer is again interested in the fate of a man destitute of terrible historical cataclysms.
The action in Sholokhov's story "The Fate of a Man" (1956) begins in March 1946, in the first post-war spring. Main character story Andrey Sokolov is no different from the generation of people who won the war, went through all the trials. He has big dark hands of a worker. He is poorly dressed, he has a skinny duffel bag. However, behind the external inconspicuousness lies a great tragedy: “Have you ever seen eyes, as if sprinkled with ashes, filled with such an inescapable mortal longing that it is difficult to look into them?”
The fate of Andrei Sokolov is glorious and heroic fate generations of Soviet people who went through the torments and horrors of war and retained their humanity and nobility.
The pre-war life of Andrei Sokolov developed happily: he loved his wife, children, and this love awakened the best feelings in him.
But the war came and took away this happiness. Andrei Sokolov went to the front. Wounds, captivity, the murder of a traitor, an unsuccessful escape from captivity, bullying by the Nazis - these are the main milestones of the front-line biography of a person in the war. Each time, going through the trials of fate, Andrei Sokolov remained a real person, a man with a capital letter.
The scene of the encounter with Müller is the climax of this story. This is a duel of enemies, a kind of psychological duel, requiring from the hero an incredible effort of will and all physical and mental strength. On the one hand - an armed, well-fed, self-satisfied and domineering fascist, on the other - an unarmed, disenfranchised, barely able to stand on his feet, even deprived of his name, prisoner of war No. 331. Hungry and exhausted, he refuses to drink for the victory of German weapons, and when he nevertheless agrees to drink “for my death and deliverance from torment”, then does not touch the bread: “I wanted to show them, damned, that although I’m dying of hunger, I’m not going to choke on their sop that I have my own, Russian dignity and pride and that they didn’t turn me into a beast, no matter how hard they tried.” Even Müller could not help but admire the courage and stamina of the Russian soldier. The lines about how prisoners dying of hunger shared the bread and bacon brought by Andrey are touching to the depths of the soul.
The news of the death of the family, total loneliness- the last, most terrible tests of Andrey Sokolov. This was supposed to break a person, deprive him of the meaning of life. After all, his heart turned to stone with grief.
Why did Andrei adopt Vanyushka? He was deeply hurt tragic fate child. His heart has not stopped loving, but his soul continues to feel human suffering and pain. Having adopted an orphan, Andrei Sokolov once again accomplishes a feat. He consciously takes responsibility for the upbringing of the child, even without having a permanent home.
This is the inconspicuous heroism that Andrey Sokolov shows daily, hourly, overcoming his tragedy and the tragedy of a boy.
“Two orphaned people, two grains of sand, thrown into foreign lands by a military hurricane of unprecedented strength ... is something waiting for them ahead?” - the author asks such a question. And he himself answers him: “I would like to think that this Russian man, a man of unbending will, will survive and grow up near his father’s shoulder, one who, having matured, will be able to endure everything, overcome everything on his way, if his Motherland calls him to this” .
The theme of war in the work of Mikhail Alexandrovich Sholokhov Completed by: Student of the 11th "b" class Kravchenko Lyudmila Leader: Bondareva Natalia Petrovna Taganrog, 2005 Laureate Nobel Prize, Hero of Socialist Labor, Laureate of Lenin and State Prize- Mikhail Sholokhov began his literary path in 1923. He created a galaxy of bright works that have rightfully taken their rightful place in world literature: “The Fate of a Man”, “Virgin Soil Upturned”, “They Fought for the Motherland” and, of course, “Quiet Don”. And his work relentlessly followed the turbulent, rapid course of history. The First World War, the Civil War, collectivization, the Great Patriotic War - all these themes entered Sholokhov's work as organic impulses of his lively mind, not missing anything, refracted through the prism of his talent and life experience. In the mouth of Sholokhov, these themes are natural and common, like breathing. The life of the people, the fate of people - that's what worried the minds of writers of all generations. And Mikhail Alexandrovich could not remain indifferent to the events taking place in the Fatherland. Just as at one time the Cossacks were divided into whites and reds, so now the population of the Chechen Republic has stood on two sides: the “federals” and the “mujahideen”. But what about families? Has anyone thought of mothers, wives, children? How should old people be when one brother is a terrorist, and the other is the one who is looking for the first? History is back on track. War is a serious test for the entire state. Whether it is a battle with foreigners or a civil war, it places a heavy burden on the shoulders of the people, leaving an indelible mark on the destinies of generations. Sholokhov knew firsthand about the war. While still a 15-year-old boy, he joined the food detachment. And during the Great Patriotic War he went to the front as a military commissar. His experience, his memories and feelings were especially vividly manifested in The Fate of a Man. Sholokhov's style Critics consider the master's approach to creativity socialist realism. Here is the opinion of the Sholokhov expert M. Khrapchenko: “Sholokhov is an artist of great insight and high creative integrity. The embodiment of the truth of life, no matter how difficult, cruel it may be, is for him a constant and immutable law of creativity. Sholokhov notes genuine fearlessness in the search for truth. He not only does not leave the difficult, tragic aspects of life, but also persistently and intently explores them, not in the least losing the historical perspective, faith in man, in his creative, creative possibilities. In my opinion, in the description of the war by Sholokhov, three components should be distinguished: firstly, landscapes and detailed portraits, through which the author conveys the atmosphere of events, actions, secondly, the fate of the main characters, and the last - crowd scenes where we see horror and ruthlessness war. “Melekhovsky yard is on the farm itself. The gates from the cattle base lead north to the Don. A steep eight-yard descent between moss-covered chalk blocks, and here is the shore: a mother-of-pearl scattering of shells, a gray broken border of pebbles kissed by waves ... - we read at the very beginning of the novel. Beautiful and majestic Don-Batiushka. He keeps countless riches in himself. The most magnificent greenery grows along the banks, as if asking the Kazakh farmer "black from work, with flattened fingers" to pick it with his hand. Don beckons: “near a sunken elm tree, in the bare arms of the branches, two carp jumped out at the same time; the third, smaller, screwing into the air, persistently fought at the ravine over and over again. The rough imprint of the war captured Sholokhov in nature. “The earth groaned deafly, crucified under many hooves.” The author repeatedly mentions the "rickety huts", talking about the troubles that the war brought to every farm, every village. * The image of Grigory Melekhov is drawn larger than the others. All the windings of his complex, contradictory path are traced with extraordinary attention. You really can’t immediately tell about him whether he is a positive or a negative hero. For too long he wandered at the crossroads of history, shed a lot of human blood ... He fell in love with Aksinya and fell in love for life. In this love, one of the best sides of his soul is revealed. Having become the commander of the Red Guard division, Melekhov, an experienced front-line soldier, soberly notices how little order there is in the red army, how easily it succumbed to panic in Glubokaya, how slow the commanders ... “The first post-war spring on the Upper Don was extremely friendly and assertive. At the end of March, warm winds blew from the Sea of \u200b\u200bAzov, and after two days the sands of the left bank of the Don were completely bare, snow-filled logs and beams swelled in the steppe, breaking the ice, the steppe rivers wildly leapt up ”... Tragic was his path in the war. Andrei Sokolov is taken prisoner under circumstances in which, unfortunately, thousands of people found themselves. Andrey Sokolov, having gone through the crucible of war, lost everything: his family died, home destroyed. Has come peaceful life, the time has come for spring awakening, the time for hope. And he looks at the world around him with eyes “as if sprinkled with ashes”, “filled with inescapable longing”, the words break from his lips: “Why did you, life, cripple me like that? Why so distorted? There is no answer for me either in the dark or in the clear sun. No, and I can’t wait!”* An important feature of Sholokhov’s style is the writer’s steadfast faith in a brighter future, in the humanity and justice of the people. That is why the cold sun “shines” over Grigory and Mishutka. And here are the words of Sholokhov from the story “The Fate of a Man”: “What lies ahead for them? And I would like to think that this Russian man, a man of unbending will, will survive, and one will grow up near his father’s shoulder who, having matured, will be able to endure everything, overcome everything in his path, if his Motherland calls him to this. Yes, no matter what terrible situations the war puts a person in, he, according to the writer, will be able to overcome them with dignity. Bloodshed reaches its apogee during battalion scenes. After all, some are guided by Chubotoy’s once expressed thought: “Cut a man boldly! ..” Most likely, the daily contemplation of blood, violence, cruelty is bearing fruit - the Cossacks (and everyone who find themselves in this “meat grinder”) become less susceptible to human suffering , hearts are hardened. In general, war is a terrible, crazy action, where the main role is assigned to death. A gloomy shadow, she walks among the army, noticing the victim in advance. She chooses human hatred as her weapon. That is why the mute question is read on the faces of those who died in battle: “For what ?!” The anti-humanity, the unnaturalness of war - this is the main thing that Sholokhov's works carry in themselves. A heartfelt "thank you" to him for these lines: "I would like my books to help people become better, become purer in soul, awaken love for man, the desire to actively fight for the ideals of humanism and the progress of mankind." He not only wanted, he cherished in the hearts and minds of generations that unwritten truth that "life is the most valuable thing that a person has." Probably, this truth flows in each of us thanks to the efforts of Mikhail Aleksandrovich Sholokhov.
Composition
If the enemy attacks our country, we writers, at the call of the party and the government, will lay down our pen and take up another weapon, so that from the volley of the rifle corps, which Comrade Voroshilov spoke of, it would fly and smash the enemy and our lead, heavy and hot, like our hatred of fascism!.. Having defeated the enemies, we will still write books about how we beat these enemies. These books will serve our people and will remain as a warning to those of the invaders who accidentally turn out to be unfinished...”. Preparing for military trials, Sholokhov was full of plans and ideas. He is working on completing the second book of "Virgin Soil Upturned", the hall washes new novel about the work of the collective farm intelligentsia, great changes in the countryside. The writer gives a lot of effort social activities.
In July 1941, the regimental commissar of the reserve Sholokhov was drafted into the army and, together with others Soviet writers went to the front. He participated in the battles near Smolensk on Western front, near Rostov - on the Southern Front, shared with fighters harsh days Battle of Stalingrad, went along the front roads to the very borders of Germany.
In the summer of 1943, Sholokhov addressed a letter to the American people, in which, on behalf of the citizens of the allied country, he offered friendship, called for the fight against the Nazis, pointed to possible consequences slowness and hesitation of allies. “In the fate of each of us,” wrote Sholokhov, “the war entered with all the weight that an attempt by one nation to completely destroy, absorb another brings with it ... The events of the front, the events of a total war in the life of each of us have already left their indelible mark .. .
On the first anniversary of the war, Sholokhov published in Pravda, imbued with journalistic passion and unshakable confidence in the triumph of a just cause, the story "The Science of Hate". Giving a high appraisal to this proposition, Pravda wrote a few days later: “How inextinguishable hatred for the enemy is born in the heart of a soldier of the Red Army, the writer Mikhail Sholokhov recently told in his wonderful fiction novel The Science of Hate.” The author based this story on real events, which one of the participants in the war told him about at the front. The fighter really did not want his relatives to find out about his military hardships, about the ordeals he experienced in Nazi captivity, and asked not to give his last name. Yes, and Sholokhov did not need to close himself within the framework of a private fate. Drawing a close-up of the character of Lieutenant Gerasimov, who fought in severe battles with the enemy, the "science of hatred",
the writer artistically visibly revealed national character Russian man, torn off by the war from peaceful labor, showed the formation and hardening of the Soviet warrior.
The "Science of Hate" and "The Science of Victory" are organically linked, one is inconceivable without the other.
The will to live and resist, the desire to live in order to fight, the high military spirit of Gerasimov, who went through the school of hatred for the enemy, the ineradicable thirst for victory are revealed by Sholokhov as typical national traits of the Russian people, which unfolded with all their might in the years great battle.
The finale of the story is connected with a metaphorical introduction to it. Expanded artistic comparison, on which the whole story is built, the writer fills it with great inner meaning, illuminating the whole story and giving it artistic integrity. With gray temples of Gerasimov, who suddenly smiled with a “simple and sweet, childish smile,” Sholokhov compares with a mighty oak. The lieutenant is broken by the experience, but his “gray hair obtained by great hardships” is pure, his life force. He is powerful and strong as an oak tree. Such is the whole people, feeding on the life-giving juices of their native land. He will not be broken by any, even the most difficult, trials and difficulties. People, full of life and the will to fight, imbued with sacred hatred for his sworn enemy and ardent filial love for the Motherland, is invincible. This is what the great humanist and patriot Sholokhov stated in the most severe days of the Great Patriotic War
During the war, Sholokhov was at the front as a correspondent for central newspapers, and was seriously shell-shocked in a plane crash. During the shelling of Vyoshenskaya, his mother died.
From the front, Sholokhov wrote reports, in 1942 the story "The Science of Hatred" was written. The impressions of this time were also reflected in the unfinished novel They Fought for the Motherland (1943).
After the war, Sholokhov continued active social work, writing journalistic works.
In 1956, Sholokhov created the story "The Fate of a Man", also dedicated to the war. In it, the writer first addressed the topic of former prisoners of war. His hero escapes from captivity twice. The fate of the majority of Soviet prisoners who changed fascist camps to Stalinist ones could not yet be covered in 1956, but even the mention of captivity in a work of art was unusual.
Sholokhov managed in the story, using the example of the fate of one simple Russian man, an ordinary soldier, to show the real cost of this war. (Remember how a person was portrayed in works of art during the Great Patriotic War and what caused it.)
At the center of the story collective image but individual character. M. Sholokhov returns to Russian literature its traditional attention to the individual. He focuses not on the heroism of great battles, but on the ability of a person to overcome trials and tribulations. The tragic circumstances in which Andrei Sokolov is shown are exceptional even for a military story. The protagonist went through the front, was captured, was in almost hopeless situations and survived. His wife and daughters died during the bombing. The only hope, son Anatoly, also perishes - on the last day of the war - May 9th.
The hero of "The Fate of a Man" does not separate himself from the common fate of the people, the country. Telling the story of his life, he pays tribute to many, like him, inconspicuous heroes with whom fate brought him together. The author, correlating the life story of Andrei Sokolov with the history of the country, affirms the idea of the great value of a person in history.
Many events take place in the life of the protagonist of the story, but the same conflict is revealed in them. All the plots that make up Andrey Sokolov's confession lead the reader to the conclusion that driving force stories - the struggle between primordial humanity and what is contrary to the eternal moral laws.
At the end of the story, Sholokhov makes the reader stop and think, return to the beginning: “And I would like to think that this Russian man, a man of unbending will, will survive and grow up near his father’s shoulder, one who, having matured, will be able to endure everything, overcome everything on his way if the Motherland calls him to this. But after all, throughout the story, as GT.V. Palievsky, it is mentioned three times that Andrei Sokolov has a sick heart, broken by war and loss, that he will probably die soon: “So what - there will be no father’s shoulder, the son will not grow up? Events seem to lead there. But that is the strength of Sholokhov's idea that man is above events. He will grow up - although this may happen, for which an invisible force of overcoming is required - no less, and perhaps even greater, than that of his father. Sholokhov really hears an unpredictable life in every situation.
25 years after the creation of the novel " Quiet Don"- in 1965, Mikhail Aleksandrovich Sholokhov was awarded the Nobel Prize for the novel, translated by that time into many languages.
February 21, 1984 Mikhail Alexandrovich Sholokhov died. He was buried in the village of Vyoshenskaya on the steep bank of the Don, as he himself wished.